Free Essays on Gideons Trumpet

Gideon’s Trumpet Gideon vs. Wainwright was a monument of a case for people all across the country. Maybe it should have never passed by the Supreme Court at all. Betts vs. Brady should have never been overturned and should have remained the common practice throughout the country. The Supreme Court overlooked many important factors in deciding Gideon vs. Wainwright. This case should have been just another case decided by the standard that Betts vs. Brady set back in 1942. Betts vs. Brady was decided by a majority of six to three. This clearly proved that the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment did not assure a lawyer’s help in a state criminal trial. A lawyer didn’t have to be provided to a person unless he or she had â€Å"special circumstances†. Clarence Earl Gideon had none of these special circumstances. In fact, he did quite well defending himself in his own trial. He even cross-examined the witnesses that the prosecution called very completely. It just seemed like the Justices were biased towards Gideon and Fortas from the beginning. Smith Betts put forth the exact same case to the Supreme Court twenty years earlier. The difference was that different justices sat back then. Six out of nine of them could see the disadvantages of providing lawyers to everyone. Once all the newer justices started, and once Justice Frankfurter retired, they knew they could probably get the majority in overruling Betts vs. Brady. Federal enforcement of the Gideon case makes for a very inflexible and sterile legal system. Deciding to have every state grant a lawyer to everybody who wanted one really took a lot of power away from the states individually. When the states are allowed to form their own laws and procedures, a wide variety of systems result. It is in these different systems that we get closer and closer to the best way to do things. States should be allowed to experiment with their own legal system... Free Essays on Gideon's Trumpet Free Essays on Gideon's Trumpet Gideon’s Trumpet Gideon vs. Wainwright was a monument of a case for people all across the country. Maybe it should have never passed by the Supreme Court at all. Betts vs. Brady should have never been overturned and should have remained the common practice throughout the country. The Supreme Court overlooked many important factors in deciding Gideon vs. Wainwright. This case should have been just another case decided by the standard that Betts vs. Brady set back in 1942. Betts vs. Brady was decided by a majority of six to three. This clearly proved that the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment did not assure a lawyer’s help in a state criminal trial. A lawyer didn’t have to be provided to a person unless he or she had â€Å"special circumstances†. Clarence Earl Gideon had none of these special circumstances. In fact, he did quite well defending himself in his own trial. He even cross-examined the witnesses that the prosecution called very completely. It just seemed like the Justices were biased towards Gideon and Fortas from the beginning. Smith Betts put forth the exact same case to the Supreme Court twenty years earlier. The difference was that different justices sat back then. Six out of nine of them could see the disadvantages of providing lawyers to everyone. Once all the newer justices started, and once Justice Frankfurter retired, they knew they could probably get the majority in overruling Betts vs. Brady. Federal enforcement of the Gideon case makes for a very inflexible and sterile legal system. Deciding to have every state grant a lawyer to everybody who wanted one really took a lot of power away from the states individually. When the states are allowed to form their own laws and procedures, a wide variety of systems result. It is in these different systems that we get closer and closer to the best way to do things. States should be allowed to experiment with their own legal system... Free Essays on Gideon's Trumpet In Gideon’s Trumpet, Anthony Lewis provides a detailed account of Clarence Earl Gideon’s appeal to Supreme Court in order to gain his right to counsel, but Lewis also gives an excellent description of the process of appealing to the Supreme Court in general. Chapter 1 Chapter 1 describes Gideon’s claim to the Supreme Court (hereafter simply the Court). Gideon petitioned the Court in forma pauperis, in the manner of a pauper. Lewis states that the Court’s â€Å"Rule 53 allows an impoverished person to file just one copy of a petition†¦.‘due allowance’ for technical errors so long as there is substantial compliance† (4). From his initial filing to the Court, it appears as though Gideon made a substantial effort to comply with the standards set by the Court in regard to in forma pauperis petitions. Gideon’s application was written in pencil, but he included the affidavit required to proceed in forma pauperis. In his petition, Gideon also provided the Court with a copy of his habeas corpus petition that he filed to the Florida Supreme Court and the Florida Supreme Court’s rejection of that petition. In his petition, Lewis states that Gideon provided little, if any, personal information. Lewis describes Gideon as a destitute man who bore the marks of a destitute life. Gideon was 51 years old at the time of his petition to the Court. He had been convicted on four previous felonies. According to Lewis, hardly anyone would describe Gideon as a violent man; rather, Gideon was a man who found great difficulty in settling down and working to live. Thus, Gideon often turned to crime. In his filing to the Court, Gideon’s case was originally titled Gideon v. Cochran. Gideon’s primary submission to the Court was a 5-page petition for writ of certiorari. Gideon had been convicted of breaking and entering into the Bay Harbor Poolroom in Panama City, Florida. The crux of Gideon’s petition to the Court was that the due pr...

Emmy Noether, Mathematician

Emmy Noether, Mathematician Born in Germany and named Amalie Emmy Noether, she was known as Emmy. Her father was a mathematics professor at the University of Erlangen and her mother was from a wealthy family. Emmy Noether studied arithmetic and languages but was not permitted as a girl to enroll in the college preparatory school, the gymnasium. Her graduation qualified her to teach French and English in girls schools, apparently her career intention but then she changed her mind and decided she wanted to study mathematics at the university level. Known for: work in abstract algebra, especially ring theory Dates:  March 23, 1882 - April 14, 1935 Also known as:  Amalie Noether, Emily Noether, Amelie Noether University of Erlangen To enroll in a university, she had to get the permission of the professors to take an entrance exam she did and she passed, after sitting in on mathematics lectures at the University of Erlangen. She was then allowed to audit courses first at the University of Erlangen and then the University of Gà ¶ttingen, neither of which would permit a woman to attend classes for credit. Finally, in 1904, the University of Erlangen decided to permit women to enroll as regular students, and Emmy Noether returned there. Her dissertation in algebraic math earned her a doctorate  summa cum laude  in 1908. For seven years, Noether worked at the University of Erlangen without any salary, sometimes acting as a substitute lecturer for her father when he was ill. In 1908 she was invited to join the Circolo Matematico di Palermo and in 1909 to join the German Mathematical Society but she still could not obtain a paying position at a University in Germany. Gà ¶ttingen In 1915, Emmy Noethers mentors, Felix Klein and David Hilbert, invited her to join them at the Mathematical Institute in Gà ¶ttingen, again without compensation. There, she pursued important mathematical work that confirmed key parts of the general theory of relativity. Hilbert continued to work to get Noether accepted as a faculty member at Gà ¶ttingen, but he was unsuccessful against the cultural and official biases against women scholars. He was able to allow her to lecture in his own courses, and without salary. In 1919 she won the right to be a privatdozent   she could teach students, and they would pay her directly, but the university did not pay her anything. In 1922, the University gave her a position as an adjunct professor with a small salary and no tenure or benefits. Emmy Noether was a popular teacher with the students. She was seen as warm and enthusiastic. Her lectures were participatory, demanding that students help work out the mathematics being studied. Emmy Noethers work in the 1920s on ring theory and ideals was foundational in abstract algebra. Her work earned her enough recognition that she was invited as a visiting professor in 1928-1929 at the University of Moscow and in 1930 at the University of Frankfurt. America Though she was never able to gain a regular faculty position at Gà ¶ttingen, she was one of many Jewish faculty members who was purged by the Nazis in 1933. In America, the Emergency Committee to Aid Displaced German Scholars obtained for Emmy Noether an offer of a professorship at Bryn Mawr College in America, and they paid, with the Rockefeller Foundation, her first years salary. The grant was renewed for two more years in 1934. This was the first time that Emmy Noether was paid a full professors salary and accepted as a full faculty member. But her success was not to last long. In 1935, she developed complications from an operation to remove a uterine tumor, and she died shortly after, on April 14. After World War II ended, the University of Erlangen honored her memory, and in that city, a co-ed gymnasium specializing in math was named for her. Her ashes are buried near Bryn Mawrs Library. Quote If one proves the equality of two numbers a and b by showing first that a is less than or equal to b and then a is greater than or equal to b, it is unfair, one should instead show that they are really equal by disclosing the inner ground for their equality. About Emmy Noether, by Lee Smolin: The connection between symmetries and conservation laws is one of the great discoveries of twentieth century physics . But I think very few non-experts will have heard either of it or its maker - Emily Noether, a great German mathematician. But it is as essential to twentieth century physics as famous ideas like the impossibility of exceeding the speed of light.It is not difficult to teach Noethers theorem, as it is called; there is a beautiful and intuitive idea behind it. Ive explained it every time Ive taught introductory physics. But no textbook at this level mentions it. And without it one does not really understand why the world is such that riding a bicycle is safe. Print Bibliography Dick, Auguste.Emmy Noether: 1882-1935. 1980.  ISBN: 0817605193